Presentation on the topic: “The history of the telephone.” - presentation. Presentation “History of the creation of the telephone Project on the history of mobile phones

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What does it consist of?

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How does it work

When you call one of your friends on the phone, your voice vibrates the microphone membrane. The microphone converts vibrations into electrical signals that travel along the wire. When these signals arrive on your friend's phone, they vibrate the earphone membrane, and it converts the vibration into sounds.

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My experience

For the experiment I needed two plastic glasses and a cord.

I made a hole in each glass, threaded the cord through both holes, and tied a knot at each end. He took one of the glasses and gave the other to his brother. We separated so that the cord was taut and spoke in turns - one spoke into his glass, the other listened into his. Sound waves passed through the wire.

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During the experience

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Payphones Modern telephone

not at all similar to its predecessors, but does the same thing. Wires from all devices go to the telephone exchange. There is a whole kingdom of automata connecting people with each other.

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Phones with caller ID

Now there are telephones that determine the number of the subscriber - the person who is calling you. The history of telephony is interesting both in terms of the invention of various devices and in terms of the stages of deployment of communication networks various types

around the world. In some aspects, the dynamics of the spread of relevant technologies seems revolutionary, while in others it is characterized by progressive, uniform development. What are the most noteworthy facts regarding the global telephone industry?

Traditionally, the history of the telephone is associated with the name of Alexander Bell, an American inventor of Scottish origin. Indeed, the famous researcher took a direct part in the development of a revolutionary apparatus for transmitting sounds over a distance. However, there are known facts that other designers also played a vital role in the creation of the telephone. For example, Johann Philipp Reis, a famous German inventor, at a meeting of scientists of the Physical Society held in 1861, reported on the prototype of an electrical device he had created for transmitting sound over a distance. The name of the invention was also mentioned - “telephone”, which is familiar to us today. Reis' contemporaries, however, received the device without due enthusiasm. But this is the most important fact in the history of the creation of the telephone.

Fifteen years later, two American researchers, Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell, working independently, discovered the effect of telephoning. Both scientists, interestingly, on the same day, namely February 14, 1876, filed an application to patent their discovery. At the same time, they had not yet developed a functioning device that would use telephony. Presumably, Bell was about 2 hours ahead of Gray in filing the application, and many historians attribute the fact that the history of the creation of the telephone today is associated with the name of the American inventor to this circumstance.

The appearance of the first telephone

Alexander Bell lived in Boston and worked with people with hearing and speech problems. In 1873 he became professor of physiology at Boston University. Due to his occupation, he was probably an expert in the field of acoustics and had excellent hearing.

The history of the first telephone created by Alexander Bell is thus connected with his work. Among the remarkable facts related to the invention of the device is the very effect of telephoning, discovered by the researcher with the direct assistance of his assistant. So, a specialist working with Bell once pulled out a plate from the transmitting device, which, as it seemed to Bell, was making some rattling noise. As the researcher later found out, this was due to the fact that the element periodically closed electrical contacts.

Based on the identified effect, Alexander Bell created a telephone set. It was designed very simply: like a membrane made of leather, equipped with a signal element for magnification. The device could only transmit the sound of a voice, but this, apparently, was enough to patent the device - Bell received the corresponding document recording the authorship of the invention on March 10, 1876 .

The history of telephones is also interesting in terms of their commercial use. A few days later, the inventor modified the telephone so that it could transmit clearly audible individual words. Alexander Bell later showed his device to the business community. The device made an incredible impression on business people. The American inventor soon registered his company, which subsequently became prosperous.

First telephone lines

The history of the telephone is now known to us. But how was Bell’s invention introduced into everyday life? In 1877, also in Boston, the first telephone line was launched, and in 1878, a telephone exchange was launched in New Haven. In the same year, another famous American inventor, Thomas Edison, created new model device for voice transmission at a distance. Its design included an induction coil, which significantly improved the quality of communication, as well as increased the distance of sound transmission.

Contribution of inventors from Russia

The history of the development of the telephone is also connected with the names of Russian designers. In 1885, Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky, an inventor from Russia, developed a fundamentally new scheme for the operation of a telephone exchange, in which power was supplied to the devices externally - from a central source. Before this, each phone worked from its own electrical outlet. This concept made it possible to create stations that simultaneously serve a huge number of subscribers - tens of thousands. In 1895, the Russian inventor Mikhail Filippovich Freidenberg proposed to the world the concept of a telephone exchange, which involved automatically connecting one subscriber to another. The first operating telephone exchange was introduced in the USA, in the city of Augusta.

Development of communication lines in Russia

The history of the appearance of the telephone in Russia is connected with the construction of a line for the transmission of communications between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The first conversation between Russian subscribers through this channel took place in 1879, that is, only 3 years after the invention of the telephone. Later, one of the first civilian communication lines connected the Georgievskaya pier, located in Nizhny Novgorod, and apartments that belonged to the management of the Druzhina shipping company. The length of the line was about 1547 m.

City telephone exchanges began operating on a regular basis in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Odessa in 1882. In 1898, an intercity line appeared, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. The history of telephones in Russia is interesting because the station that served the communication channel between Moscow and St. Petersburg still exists and operates to this day. It is located on Myasnitskaya Street in the capital of the Russian Federation.

The pace of development of telephony in the Russian Empire was very decent - for example, by 1916, there were an average of 3.7 telephones per 100 residents of Moscow. In 1935, already under the USSR, all Belokamennaya metro stations were equipped with telephones. Starting from 1953, all houses put into operation in the capital of the USSR were required to have a telephone cable.

The history of telephones is fascinating. It's always interesting to study its details. Having learned how wired telephones appeared, let's consider the most remarkable facts regarding the development mobile devices, which today are no less in demand than traditional ones.

How did mobile phones come about?

The first recorded telephone conversation via a radio channel, which, in a number of key characteristics, corresponds to the principles of the organization of modern cellular communication, was held in 1950 in Sweden. Inventor Sture Laugen, who was driving the Televerket company, successfully telephoned the time service using the appropriate type of device. By that time, Sture Lauren had worked for several years at Televerket, developing this device. The history of the phone is also connected with the name of Ragnar Berglund, Lauren's colleague.

Target - mass market

By the time Lauren made the call we mentioned above, telephone radio communication as such was already in use, but it was available only to intelligence services and military structures. The Televerket company has set the task of creating a device accessible to every citizen.

The Swedish development was introduced to the mass market in 1956. At first she worked only in two cities - Stockholm and Gothenburg. During 1956, only 26 subscribers connected to it, which was not surprising due to the high cost of a “mobile phone”, the cost of which was comparable to the price of a car.

Development of mobile communications

History of development mobile phones In a number of ways, it is inferior to the dynamics of the spread of telephone communications. If, for example, already 3 years later, devices created according to the principles of Alexander Bell were actively used in Russia, then for quite a long time mobile phones were not in mass demand.

Only in 1969 did the world leaders of the telecommunications market begin to think that it would be nice to somehow unify the corresponding communication systems. For example, it was assumed that each subscriber - like landline phone owners - would have his own number, and it would be relevant not only in the country where it was issued, but also abroad. Thus, we can note that the history of the mobile phone, in fact, from the very beginning, reflects the interest of the engineering community in implementing roaming concepts.

Among the first inventors to propose the practical implementation of a technology for which corresponding requests were generated was Stockholm Technical School graduate Esten Mäkitolo. The history of the creation of a mobile phone in the form we are familiar with is directly related to its name. However, for the practical implementation of the Myakitolo concept, very powerful technologies were required. They appeared only in the early 80s.

First cellular network

The history of cell phones includes a remarkable fact: the first country in which it was deployed was Saudi Arabia. It was there that Ericsson, which actively participated in the practical implementation of the concepts proposed by Myakitolo, entered into a contract in 1981 for the supply of relevant services. The network launched in Saudi Arabia was characterized by the main criterion - mass participation. Gradually, cellular communication standards improved, and networks began to function in other countries of the world.

Development of uniform standards

As the market grows mobile communications There was a growing need to develop uniform standards for the provision of relevant services. In Saudi Arabia, in the Scandinavian countries, in the Benelux, the NMT concept became popular, in Germany the C-Netz system was used, in the UK, France, and Italy their own concepts were implemented.

The emergence of GSM

To integrate the European mobile space, the GSM standard was created. It can be said to have absorbed all the best from other “national” concepts, and therefore, although not without difficulties, it was adopted by the European technological community in 1986. But the first GSM network was introduced only in 1990 in Finland. Subsequently this standard has become the main one for Russian cellular communication providers.

The history of telephones - both regular and cell phones - is incredibly fascinating. But no less interesting is how the relevant technologies are developing. Let's study how cellular communication lines have been improved.

Development of the cellular communications market

In the first years after the introduction of GSM standards into consumer practice, using the corresponding services was very expensive. But gradually the devices needed to work with mobile networks, fell in price and became truly widespread. Phones improved and became smaller in size. In 1996 Nokia company introduced, in fact, one of the first smartphones - a device with which you could send mail, faxes, and use the Internet. In the same year, the now legendary StarTac book from Motorola appeared.

Smartphones and mobile Internet

In 1997, Philips released the Spark phone with a very large stock battery life- about 350 hours. In 1998, the Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone mobile device with a touch screen appeared. It was expected that it would be a direct competitor to the above-mentioned gadget from Nokia. In 1999 mobile operators began to introduce WAP technology, which made it easier for subscribers to access mobile internet. In 2000, the GPRS standard appeared, as well as UMTS, one of the main ones used in the architecture of 3G networks.

In 2009, the Swedish company TeliaSonera launched the world's first 4G network. Now it is considered the most modern and is being actively implemented by operators around the world.

Prospects for phones

What will be the next step in the development of the cellular industry? The history of the mobile phone shows that effective, revolutionary solutions can appear at any time. It may seem that the 4G standard is the limit of possibilities modern technologies. It would seem that data transmission at speeds of tens of megabits, excellent communication quality - what could be a level higher?

However, the world's leading research laboratories continue to actively work in the field of improvement mobile technologies. Perhaps, soon in the hands of any willing subscriber there will appear a device as sensational for the modern average person as Bell's telephone was in the 70s of the 19th century, or the device used to call from a car on Sture Lauren. And after a while, people will stop being surprised by him. This incredibly technological industry is so dynamic.

The presentation and summary of the GCD for the senior and preparatory groups, “A Journey into the History of the Telephone,” are intended to enrich children’s ideas about the world of surrounding objects. Introduce children to the history of the appearance and development of the telephone, expand knowledge about communications.

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Slide captions:

Journey into the history of the telephone VIRTUAL MUSEUM

PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

SIGNAL LIGHT

SIGNAL DRUMS

SIGNAL TOWERS

SIGNAL PIPE - TREMBITA

SIGNAL BELL

FIRST PHONES

TELEPHONE STATION. TELEPHONIST

LET'S CALL YOU!

Preview:

Summary of a lesson on familiarization with the outside world in the senior and preparatory groups of kindergarten

"Journey into the Phone's Past"

Purpose of the lesson:

Enriching children's ideas about the world of surrounding objects and encouraging joint creative activity based on the use of information received in the lesson.

Tasks:

1. Introduce children to the history of the appearance and development of the telephone, expand knowledge about communications.
2. Reinforce the rules of speech etiquette when communicating on the phone, knowledge of service telephone numbers emergency assistance: fire, police, ambulance.
3. Develop social skills: the ability to work in pairs, take into account the partner’s opinion.
4. Develop attention, imagination, memory through didactic games and exercises.
5. Cultivate accuracy when performing work.

Predicted result:

Transferring information about the phone to the sphere of personal interests.

Equipment:

Laptop, screen, overhead projector, camera, helper diagrams, cards with emergency numbers, telephones, variable materials for children's work.

Literature:

1. Dybina O.V. “What happened before...” (games of traveling into the past of objects)
2.When developing the presentation, photographic materials from Internet resources were used.

Introductory part:

Guys, last night on TV I watched a report from the local history museum. Now this report will be repeated, let's sit down and watch. (View video on screen)

Correspondent: Hello, we are reporting from the local history museum. “My phone rang...” - this phrase from a poem by K. Chukovsky is known to everyone, but everyone knows that on February 14 the telephone celebrated its birthday. Our museum displays telephones of the past and present. Our museum announces a competition unusual phones for kindergartens. We are waiting for your works. Good luck to everyone, see you on the air.

Guys, are we going to take part in the competition? Children's answers. What do we know about the phone? What is a phone for? Have there always been telephones? What were phones like before? Want to know about it? Children's answers.

Main part:

Guys, I want to invite you to the past of the phone. (The teacher and the children sit on the floor near the screen. Slides appear on the screen)

A long time ago, when people lived in caves and dressed in animal skins, they could not speak, but they had to communicate with each other. Do you think they communicated using the phone? How did they do it? (Children's answers: gestures, facial expressions)

Let's try it too. Do you guys think it was easy to communicate like that? (children's answer)

As time passed, people learned to speak, built homes for themselves, started farming, and continued to look for new ways to transmit information. If it was necessary to report some news to another village, people climbed a high mountain and made a fire, and later used the sounds of drums, signal pipes, and bells. Everyone found out that some event had happened and reacted to it. Were these methods convenient? Why? (Children's answers)

But time passed. And so the first apparatus was invented; it consisted of two funnel-like tubes, which were connected to each other by a long wire. They spoke into one tube and put the other to their ear. This device was called “TELEPHONE”. What's unusual for us about this phone? The word “telephone” means: the first part “tele” means far, the second part “background” means sound. With this device, sound could be heard very far away. Later, the types of telephones changed and people invented telephones with a disk; to dial a number, they inserted a finger into the holes on the disk, marked with numbers, and turned the disk. This was not very convenient: the finger got tired, the disk rotated slowly. Therefore, the disk was replaced with buttons. Many people still have such phones, but such a device could be used while indoors; you cannot take it with you. Why? Scientists again began to think about how to make the telephone convenient for communication and transmitting information. And then the mobile phone was invented. Why do people all over the world use it? (Children's answers)

Indeed, mobile means portable; you can take it with you and communicate wherever you are. Guys, let's look at telephones: show me a phone with a disk, push-button telephone. Some modern phones have built-in answering machines; if we are not at home, the person who called you can leave a message for you. (Children and teacher look at phones)

Guys, do you know how to talk on the phone correctly? I suggest you watch the sketch “Talking on the Phone.” (Two children perform a dramatization) Guys, did the boys have a good conversation? How to start a conversation correctly? How to continue the conversation? How to finish? (children's answers)

Each phone has its own number. Does this help us call exactly the right person? (children's answers: number). What numbers should every person in our country know? (Children's answers: telephone numbers of services: fire service, police, ambulance).

Guys, let's play the game “Correct Number” (children are given cards with numbers 01,02,03, a picture appears on the screen depicting an emergency situation: a fire, etc., and the children pick up a card with the corresponding number).

We have repeated the important numbers of the rules for communicating by phone. What have you learned about the telephone, what was the telephone like in the past? Now we know a lot about the phone and can participate in the competition. What did we need to do? What could be unusual about a phone? Let's try to make unusual phones, take pictures of them and send them to the museum. Pair up and go to the tables. Discuss with each other what your unusual phone will be like, how you will make it, and what you will need for it. The tables have everything you need for work. You can begin (children work in pairs, the teacher approaches each pair, reminds them that the phone must be unusual and one from the pair, after completing the work, the children take out and place their “crafts” on the table).

The teacher analyzes the work.

Why is your couple's phone considered unusual? You have done wonderful work. Now we will take pictures of them and send them by e-mail. (connects the camera to the laptop, sends it)

Final part:

Children, what new did you learn in class today? What was particularly difficult for you? How did you cope with difficulties? Where can we use our “fancy phones”? And also, guys, I would like to know what unusual stories related to the phone happened to your loved ones. Ask them about it and tell them at the next lesson.

The report starts again on the screen. Video recording.

Correspondent: Dear TV viewers! We thank the children kindergarten“Cornflower” from the village of Volokonovka for participating in the competition of unusual telephones and we are waiting for you at our museum.

"The History of the Invention of the Telephone"

The need for communication, transmission and storage of information arose and developed along with the development of human society.

The means of communication between people are constantly being improved in accordance with changing living conditions, with the development of culture and technology.

Since ancient times, light and sound have been used to transmit messages over long distances.

At the dawn of his development, a person warned his tribe about danger or called for a hunt, suppressing signals by shouting or knocking. But if the distance between the interlocutors is large and the voice strength was not enough, auxiliary means were required. Therefore, man began to use “technology” - whistles, animal horns, torches, fires, drums, and after the invention of gunpowder, shots and rockets.

Appeared special people- messengers, heralds. Messengers conveyed information orally. Of course, the message conveyed by the messenger along the way was beset by many dangers. The messenger could have forgotten it, could have gotten lost, failed to meet the deadline, or could have been intercepted and then killed or extorted from him for the contents of the message.

The most efficient, reliable and in a fast way transmission of messages was pigeon mail. The maximum speed of a carrier pigeon is 80-100 km/h. The maximum distance in good weather it is considered 1000-1200 km. But at long distances the probability of birds dying en route is too great. Although there are cases when pigeons managed to return home from a distance of two, three and even five thousand kilometers.

The pigeon is far from the fastest, strongest and most resilient bird. He can neither escape nor fight off the hawk, and is unable to land on water. In this regard, even in ancient times, they tried to attract other birds to deliver messages: swift swifts and sea wanderers, frigates, capable of flying across seas. But the pigeons turned out to be best choice, they were very easy to breed. Pigeons eat the same things as humans. Swifts feed on small flying insects, making them difficult to keep in captivity.

The competition for blue-winged postmen came not from birds, but from dogs. Dogs are a little smarter and more heavy-duty than pigeons. They are capable of delivering mail, returning back with an answer, and even finding the right person or squad in the forest.

The use of birds and animals had disadvantages, which included the limited scope of postal messages. Scientists of that time wondered how to make sending messages fast, reliable and over any distance.

After some time, the first mechanical devices appeared that were capable of transmitting signals, and then human speech at enormous speed and over any distance - telephones appeared.

The name of the device – “telephone” – came from two Greek words: “tele” - meant far, “afone” - sound. The telephone transmits the sound of voice over long distances.

The history of the telephone goes back a long way. There is information that in 986 a Chinese inventor created a device that transmitted sound through pipes. A “rope” telephone appears, which has been known for many centuries. A rope was stretched between two diaphragms and it was possible to talk in short distances. In this case, sound was transmitted from one end to the other due to the vibration of the rope. These were primitive telephones that transmitted sound using vibrations.

The history of the telephone, which transmits sound through electricity, begins in the second half of the 19th century. The first person to use the word “telephone” was Charles Bourcel. In 1854, he published a dissertation in which he described the principle of operation of the telephone, but it did not come to practical application. The first device that could transmit musical tones (not voice, but tones) was invented in 1861 by the German physicist Johann Philipp Reis.

American Alexander Bell created the world's first telephone in 1876. He came up with an amazing device that transmitted human speech over wires using vibrations electric current. It has many shortcomings: the handset served both for transmitting and receiving speech, operations were carried out one at a time, there was no bell in the phone, the call was made through the handset - with the use of a whistle, the communication range was short - up to 500 meters.

In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone. His invention worked until 1980. At the beginning of 1910, there were more than 10 telephone exchanges, which served more than 10 million phones.

Today, the development of telephone communications has reached its heights. Almost every person in the world has a wired telephone and a wireless one. cellular telephone.

Telephones provide communications throughout the world and allow people to communicate at a distance. And 150 years ago telephone communications was the dream of many inventors and enthusiasts.