Types of digital technologies. Director of Digital Technologies - Chef Digital Officer (CDO). Why digitalization is important for universities right now

More and more people today are using digital technologies, because they are designed for easier and faster data transfer. This is causing analog technologies to fall out of favor. However, those who are planning to rebuild their systems and want to use only digital technologies must still take into account the fact that both technologies have their advantages and, of course, disadvantages.

There are areas in which the use of digital technology is necessary, for example, digital video recording. Of course, it will be easier to manage images that are recorded on HDD, since they are more compact and facilitate access to all information. In order to create innovative comfortable video recorders, large companies that manufacture digital equipment invest heavily.

What are digital technologies and what can they give to people? First of all, this is an opportunity unlimited access to a large amount of varied information. Any Internet user can find literally any news or necessary information. For example, if you need any help, using digital technology you can find it, even if you need sewer cleaning, then you can find the service by going to the website http://zasor.com.ua/. This opportunity has a great impact on information sources, but it should be noted that traditional media are not losing their positions. However, all types of media have long been using advanced developments.

IP technologies

IN this moment IP technologies are being developed very rapidly and actively, and it is they that provide high-speed access to . Thus, we can say that the future of the media seems to be an Internet resource. Internet technologies have entered life with confidence today. They are all developing and moving forward. Networks that operate on the basis of the Internet Protocol are an excellent solution that allows users to monitor the activity of various sites. This can especially benefit a company that has a network of offices around the world. If you simultaneously use digital and analog technologies, it will be possible to improve the quality of functioning of existing equipment.

Digital technologies

Digital processor topology

Digital technologies are mainly used in computing digital electronics, primarily computers, in various fields of electrical engineering, such as gaming machines, robotics, automation, measuring instruments, radio and telecommunication devices and many other digital devices.

Advantages

One of the advantages of digital circuits over analog circuits is that the former can transmit signals without distortion. For example, continuous sound signal, transmitted as a sequence of 1s and 0s, can be reconstructed without error, provided that the transmission noise was not sufficient to prevent the 1s and 0s from being identified. An hour of music can be stored on a CD using about 6 billion bits.

Digital systems with computer controlled can be controlled using software, adding new features without replacing hardware. Often this can be done without the involvement of the manufacturer by simply updating the software product. This feature allows you to quickly adapt to changing requirements. In addition, it is possible to use complex algorithms, which in analogue systems are impossible or feasible, but only at very high costs.

Storing information in digital systems is easier than in analogue ones. The noise immunity of digital systems allows data to be stored and retrieved without corruption. In an analog system, aging and wear can degrade the recorded information. In digital, as long as the overall interference does not exceed a certain level, information can be restored with complete accuracy.

Flaws

In some cases, digital circuits use more power than analog circuits to perform the same task, generating more heat, which increases the complexity of the circuits, for example by adding a cooler. This may limit their use in portable devices powered by batteries.

For example, Cell Phones often use a low-power analog interface to amplify and tune radio signals from a base station. However, the base station can use a power-hungry but highly flexible software-defined radio system. Such base stations can be easily reprogrammed to process signals used in new cellular communication standards.

Digital circuits are sometimes more expensive than analog ones.

It is also possible to lose information when converting an analog signal to a digital one. Mathematically this phenomenon can be described as rounding error.

In some systems, the loss or corruption of one piece of digital data can completely change the meaning of large blocks of data.

origin of name

English word digital, meaning “digital”, in turn comes from the Latin Digitus, that is, “finger”.

Since humanity has used fingers for a long time in the process of counting small values, it was the decimal number system that became the main one, including in Indo-Arabic numbering. Typically, you can only calculate the values ​​of integers with your fingers. Because of this, the word "digital" is also used to refer to any object that deals with discrete values.

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2010.

See what “Digital Technologies” is in other dictionaries: Digital technologies - Digital technologies: technologies that use electronic computing equipment to record code pulses in a certain sequence and with a certain frequency... Source: UNITED RUSSIAN INSURANCE FUND OF DOCUMENTATION. ORDER... ...

Official terminology digital technologies

- 3.17 digital technologies: Technologies that use electronic computing equipment to record code pulses in a certain sequence and with a certain frequency. Source … digital human rights is the expansion and application of universal human rights to the needs of an information-based society. The Information Society increasingly needs developed information and communication technologies, which everyone has... ...

Dictionary of Technical Reality: Cultural intelligentsia social control digital copyright

- A set of methods that ensure the distribution of intellectual property only to authorized users. Such methods include digital watermarks, data encryption, etc.- Used in PCs with complex presentation of information. [E.S. Alekseev, A.A. Myachev. English Russian Dictionary in computer systems engineering. Moscow 1993] Topics information technology in general EN compact disk digital audioCD DA ... Technical Translator's Guide

digital data- digital information discrete information - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general Synonyms digital information discrete information EN digital... ... Technical Translator's Guide

digital and analogue systems- - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general EN discrete and continuous systems ... Technical Translator's Guide

digital meter windows- - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general EN cyclometer dials ... Technical Translator's Guide

enhanced digital radio services- A promising communication technology capable of providing full mobility to a personal mobile communication subscriber at a transmission speed of at least 155 Mbit/s. [L.M. Nevdyaev. Telecommunication technologies. English-Russian explanatory dictionary reference book.... ... Technical Translator's Guide

digital information resources- 3.14 digital informational resources: Information translated into digital code in the form of data, databases and software information products, which is processed using tools computer technology. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Books

• Digital technologies in design. History, theory, practice. Textbook and workshop for universities, A.N. Lavrentyev. The publication examines the features of the use of digital technologies in art and design. The author touches on the problems of design and artistic creativity, characterizes the means...

The development of information and communication technologies (hereinafter referred to as ICT) and their full use can bring the following benefits: stimulating competition, expanding production, supporting economic growth and employment. The first part of the Charter aims not only to stimulate and facilitate the transition to an information society, but also to realize its full economic, social and cultural benefits. To achieve these goals, the following key areas of work have been identified:

Carrying out economic and structural reforms to create an environment of openness, efficiency, competition and innovation, complemented by measures to adapt labor markets, develop human resources and ensure social cohesion;

Sound management of the macroeconomy, facilitating better planning by businesses and consumers, and taking advantage of new information technologies;

Development of information networks that provide fast, reliable, secure and cost-effective access through competitive market conditions and related innovations to network technologies, their maintenance and use;

Developing a human resource capable of meeting the demands of the Information Age through education and lifelong learning and meeting the growing demand for ICT professionals in many sectors of our economy;

Actively use ICT in the public sector and promote the real-time delivery of services needed to improve access to government for all citizens.

The private sector plays a significant role in the development of information and communication networks, the formation and development of the global information society as a whole. In turn, governments have the task of creating a regulatory framework. It is necessary that rules and procedures related to information and telecommunications technologies are consistent with fundamental changes in economic transactions, taking into account the principles of effective partnership between governments and the private sector. In order to maximize the socio-economic benefits of the information society, the summit participants agreed on the following basic principles and approaches and recommended them to other countries:

Continue to promote competition and open markets for information technology, telecommunications products and services, including non-discriminatory and cost-based connectivity to mainstream telecommunications;

Protecting intellectual property rights in information technologies is important for promoting ICT-related innovations, developing competition and widespread adoption of new technologies;

It is also important to reaffirm governments' commitment to using only licensed software;

A number of services, including telecommunications, transport, parcel delivery, are essential to the information society and economies; increasing their efficiency and competitiveness will expand the benefits of the information society; customs and forwarding procedures are also important for the development of information structures;

Promoting cross-border e-commerce by promoting further liberalization, improving networks and related services and procedures within the context of the strict framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), continuing work on e-commerce in the WTO and other international forums, and applying existing WTO trade rules to e-commerce;

Consistent approaches to the taxation of e-commerce, based on conventional principles, including non-discrimination, equity, simplification and other key elements agreed in the context of the work of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD);

Continuation of the practice of exempting electronic transfers from customs duties until it is considered again at the next WTO ministerial conference;

Promoting market standards, including, for example, technical interoperability standards;

Increasing consumer confidence in electronic markets in accordance with OECD guidelines, including through effective self-regulatory initiatives, and exploring options to address the complexities experienced by consumers in cross-border disputes, including developing an effective and meaningful mechanism to protect consumer privacy and privacy life when processing personal data, while ensuring the free flow of information;

Further development and effective functioning of electronic identification, electronic signature, cryptography and other means of ensuring the security and reliability of operations.

The provisions of the Charter note that the development of ICT is impossible without the development of cybersecurity systems.

Information technologies are divided into analog and digital.

Analog technologies are based on the method of representing information in the form of some continuous (analog) physical quantity, for example, voltage or force electric current, the value of which (signal) is a carrier of information. An ordinary tape recorder operates on this principle. Information is presented in the form of a magnetic field of variable magnitude, recorded on the ferromagnetic layer of the carrier - a tape. And gramophone records, the era of which ended about 20 years ago, used a narrow spiral track on the surface of the record as an information carrier. The depth or width of this track was the physical quantity that stored information about sound. That is, the gramophone record used the mechanical principle of sound recording.

Digital technologies are based on a discrete (from the Latin discretus - divided, intermittent) way of representing information in the form of numbers (usually using the binary number system), the value of which is the carrier of information. To do this, they use physical quantities that can take only two stable states (on - off, there is voltage - no voltage, magnetized - not magnetized). This ensures the utmost simplicity of the digital signal: there is an electrical impulse - one, no impulse - zero. (They are usually called logical one and logical zero.) In this case, it is not the magnitude of the pulse that is important, but only its presence or absence.

The simplicity of digital signals ensures (compared to analog signals) their disproportionately greater immunity to interference. The fact is that logical zeros and ones do not carry any secondary information. When analog media, such as a gramophone record, physically wears out, noise and interference appear. The edges of the slot on the record change their shape from repeated exposure to the player's stylus, and the tape becomes demagnetized or stretched. Bits of digital information are free from such troubles; no matter what happens to the carrier, the bit has only two values ​​- zero or one. Interference and noise simply have nowhere to come from.

When presenting information digitally, accuracy depends on the number of digits in the numbers. By increasing the number of digits, it is possible to ensure any predetermined accuracy of calculations. In other words, adding twenty-digit numbers on a computer (or a calculator, which is also a computer), which can only operate with eight-digit numbers, can only be done by rounding these numbers to eight digits. It is clear that such rounding greatly reduces the accuracy of calculations. Modern personal computers operate with 32-bit binary numbers(this is the main advantage of digital computers over analogue ones - imagine an old oak abacus with not 10, but 32 dominoes on each crossbar), but in the near future there will be a transition to a 64-bit structure.

Due to the undeniable advantages of digital technologies, all new information technologies are digital. These include, for example, archiving and compression of information, scanning and text recognition, digital radio and television, digital photography, digital videography, the global information network Internet (Internet) and Email(E-mail), virtual reality.

Could digital technologies, which have such obvious advantages, appear before analog ones? Of course no. The reason is that analog technologies are much simpler than digital ones, so they could be implemented at the level of technology of previous times.

The human senses (and above all the hearing organs) are capable of perceiving only analog signals. Therefore, the use of digital technologies requires quite complex devices, the mass use of which has become possible only in recent decades as a result of the rapid development of microelectronics.

The 21st century will be exclusively digital. There is a continuous competition between the latest magnetic and optical methods of recording, storing and reproducing various types of information, as well as their combined use. These methods provide much higher density and durability of information recording compared to paper, photographic and film. Therefore, in the near future, you and I will take photographs with digital cameras, watch digital video, and listen to digital music. And we will even increasingly read books from the screens of pocket and desktop computers.

Today, thanks to information technologies, linguists, sociologists, cultural scientists and art historians can solve issues in a short time that would previously have taken years. In less than a second, the programs will analyze millions of texts and, according to all the necessary parameters, structure both selfies from Instagram and paintings by Van Gogh or Matisse in the same way. At the same time, new tools help not only to collect and visualize data, but also to take a fresh look at the challenges facing researchers in the humanities. How exactly? And why is it now even more effective to teach humanities “digitally”? Antonina Puchkovskaya, candidate of cultural studies, teacher at the Department of Foreign Languages ​​at ITMO University, tells ITMO.NEWS about this. The day before shecame backfromNew-York, Wherecarried outworkshop"How to Make Your Humanities Course More Digital: the Syllabus Redesign." The session took place as part of Digital Humanities Week #nycdhweek18.

Source: shutterstock.com

How digitalization has helped us take a fresh look at humanitarian issues

How to combine history, literature and mathematics? Is it possible to conduct a computer analysis of a literary text? And why is it now not difficult for art historians to structure all of Van Gogh’s paintings? These and other questions are addressed by Digital Humanities, a field of research created at the intersection of computer science and the humanities.

It involves the use of digitized materials and materials of digital origin, and also combines methodologies from computer science and traditional humanities, such as history, linguistics, literature and art. This synthesis opens up new opportunities for data collection and visualization, information retrieval, data mining, and the application of mathematical statistics.

Digital Humanities have been actively discussed in recent decades. It was during this period that impressive examples of how the cultural heritage of mankind and new technologies could be combined began to appear. For example, scientists at the Stanford Literature Lab have a long history of research that is social, quantitative, and evolutionary. Experts analyze the relationship between title length and the plot of a 19th-century English novel, monitor the survival of the detective story as a genre, or study the popularity of translated films abroad. The results are presented in the form of maps and graphs. The founders of the laboratory themselves call this approach distant reading (reading at a distance, remote reading) and note that it is this method that allows us to consider literature at the macro level and identify global patterns.

And in 2010, as a result of cooperation between by Google and Harvard University have created the Ngram Viewer service, which analyzes the frequency of occurrence of terms in millions of books over a given time interval. Ngram Viewer uses as a search database Google service Books, specifically texts, written in six languages, including Chinese, German, Russian, French, Spanish and English. Using this tool, you can find out the popularity (in the form of graphs) of up to five different words or phrases that have appeared in books since 1800. You can also narrow your search to one specific language.

New tools and technologies help not only to collect and visualize this or that information. Now, having the ability to quickly process huge amounts of data, researchers can get new answers to problems that have existed in the humanities for a long time, as well as achieve more verified results, says Ph.D. in cultural studies, lecturer at the Department of Foreign Languages ​​at ITMO University.

"U We now have powerful tools in the form of statistical analysis, which had not been used before, since there was simply no such opportunity. Indeed, in the past, in order to analyze a huge number of texts or paintings by artists, serious human resources were required. In addition, not all humanities researchers could fully engage at the proper level statistical analysis. Now we have programs and applications, thanks to which there is practically no need to code, the interfaces are so user-friendly that the researcher actually only has to enter the necessary data into the program, configure the parameters necessary to solve his problem and ultimately get an answer to his research question, and not just make a visualization or selection", she notes.

For example, with the help of already developed corpora (a corpus is a repository of texts described in a special way) of newspaper articles, poetic works and even entire languages, serious scientific works are created; digital humanities technologies are also used to create educational programs.

Thus, the Educational Corpus section of the National Corpus of the Russian Language is specifically aimed at the school course and helps to master spelling, grammatical and syntactic rules. It contains the most typical examples, from which it is easy to understand how the word is spelled in different cases and what it means. For example, this makes it possible to search for examples of certain forms and create exercises based on them. The poetic corpus contains a significant part of Russian poems from the 18th-20th centuries. The section will be useful for those who study issues of citation, want to understand the intricacies of poetic meters, or get an idea of ​​the poetic vocabulary of a particular author.

The same body is also in English language: British National Corpus (BNC) shows how modern English functions in real life. It contains texts different types: You can check in what situations the phrase is used or trace the history of the word's use.

« If we talk about scientific approaches, we can recall the study of the Britannica encyclopedia, which analyzed what kind of English we speak today. As a result, experts found that almost 70% of words in modern English are neologisms. For example, Churchill would not have understood the word selfie, although the difference in periods is only half a century. On the other hand, many words are no longer used in the living language, says Antonina Puchkovskaya. — And our current task as researchers is to use digital technologies to pose scientific questions, to understand how we can correctly apply these technologies».

Digital Humanities in pedagogy: how to make projects using digital technologies and increase interest in the subject

According to the expert, one of the promising areas of application of Digital Humanities is pedagogy. Today, with the help of digital technologies, it is possible to digitize and visualize large amounts of heterogeneous data for free and, for example, instead of a traditional course, offer students to create their own course on one site or another. A similar experience has already been implemented at the English Department at ITMO University using Google services.

« Our project was dedicated to the topic “Generation Z in digital culture.” During the project, students wrote reflective essays on the topic of digital culture, and I did not limit them in any way. Those who did not want to write performed alternative tasks: they drew comics, prepared illustrations, and much more. As a teacher, I organized work, including in the online editor and on other platforms. As a result, we made a landing page. And, in addition, based on the results of this project, it is planned to publish a book on the basis of the ITMO University publishing house“says Antonina Puchkovskaya.

This way, students don't just solve problems and turn in written homework or tests. In fact, they themselves form, fill with content and visualize the course they are studying. As Antonina Puchkovskaya emphasizes, such work ensures a completely different involvement of students in the process. This is confirmed by the results that were achieved as a result of the project, in particular, the number of visits and student response, she says.

Antonina Puchkovskaya shared her developments and experience in introducing the project method into the educational process at a workshop that was organized as part of the Digital Humanities Week in New York #nycdhweek18. To attend the workshop, it was necessary to register online. Initially, the participation of 15 people was planned, but even before the start of the workshop due to large quantity interested, the organizing committee decided to extend registration and increase the number of places. As a result, all tickets were sold out.

The New York Digital Humanities group brings together New York City scholars and members of the GLAM community (representatives of galleries, libraries, archives and museums). Every year the community holds Digital Humanities Week; the week includes discussions and workshops on current issues in the study and teaching of the humanities, open seminars, lectures and social events. the main objective— exchange of experience and discussion of key trends in the field of digital humanities.

Participants in Antonina Puchkovskaya’s workshop included librarians, employees of departments, faculties, graduate students and postdocs at US universities. The topic of the lesson was “How to Make Your Humanities Course More Digital: the Syllabus Redesign” - participants discussed how to improve and complement the existing work program humanities disciplines with the help of information technologies, shared their experiences, and also worked on their own cases, the task of which was to come up with and present how best to teach different aspects of digital culture.

« There is a large Digital Humanities community abroad. This topic includes many aspects, including digital culture and digital pedagogy. At such events, industry specialists can meet each other, share the latest trends and developments, exchange experiences, and this is very good practice. Previously, we were actually outsiders in this process, but this experience has shown that the situation is changing, says Antonina Puchkovskaya. — At the same time, I did not notice that in terms of the approaches we implement, our work is very different from that practiced abroad. Our problem so far is only that we use fewer platforms and resources in our work, although this is not rocket science at all. Integrating them into the learning process will not be difficult, because most platforms are free, the most we need is to request access to them. Gone are the days when everything was closed. Digital Humanities exists under the auspices of open source, these are open platforms and platforms that unite a huge community of like-minded people».

Prospects

In the near future, ITMO University plans to hold a series of master classes on integrating digital pedagogy into the educational process. Teachers will be introduced to an alternative formation option training course. For example, using the Wordpress platform, which Lately is becoming not only a popular platform for bloggers and journalists, but also. On this platform, you can not only conveniently visualize content, but also generate a schedule, customize post types and different categories, and much more.

« In my opinion, today it is important to introduce teachers to an alternative view of how, based on the results of their course and provided that students take a more independent approach to completing their projects, they can obtain a finished product. And it won't be easy laboratory work or tests, but really a product that will be in the public domain. It is important if such sites are created in both Russian and English. This is a trend and cannot be avoided. If the approach is of interest, this method will bring obvious results: for example, such content can be more effectively presented at conferences, receive feedback and arouse keen interest among the professional community“, concludes Antonina Puchkovskaya.